1. Audit of the existing estate. Inventory of servers, applications, flows and dependencies, criticality of each domain, security and compliance constraints.
2. Priced roadmap. One path per application, migration waves ordered from the least coupled to the most critical, and the target running cost in the cloud.
3. Cloud foundations. Accounts, network, identities, logging and backups set up once, as infrastructure as code, before the first application.
4. Progressive cutover. Data replication, parallel run, verification, then traffic cutover with rollback possible until the last moment.
5. Optimisation and operations. Right-sizing, switching off non-production environments, FinOps, then 24/7 managed services if you want them.